Variables and data types

Assign with =. Names are case-sensitive, and types are determined at runtime. Prefer descriptive names such as kul_daam instead of x.

Values

Work with collections

Indexes begin at zero. List methods and dictionary access follow Python's model.

phal = ["aam", "seb"]
phal.append("kela")
bolo(phal[0])
bolo(len(phal))
chai = {"daam": 15, "cup": 2}
bolo(chai["daam"] * chai["cup"])

Expected output:

aam
3
30

Strings and templates

f"..." formats values in place, including the !r/!s/!a conversions and width specifiers Python supports. t"..." builds a template object (PEP 750, Python 3.14+); roop renders any template back to text.

naam = "Asha"
daam = 12.5
bolo(f"Namaste {naam}, daam = {daam:.2f}")
bolo(f"{naam!r:>6}")
chitthi = t"Namaste {naam}!"
bolo(roop(chitthi))

Expected output:

Namaste Asha, daam = 12.50
'Asha'
Namaste Asha!

Use templates when the pieces matter as data — SQL, HTML, or log messages are built from template.strings and template.interpolations instead of one concatenated string. bolo on a template prints the object itself, so pass it through roop when you want text. On Python 3.13 and older t"..." compiles to a plain f-string, and roop returns it unchanged.

Unpack collections

* splices list or set elements and ** merges dictionary keys. The same marks work directly inside comprehensions, so nested containers flatten in one expression.

jodon = [[1, 2], [3]]
sab = [*l ghumo l mein jodon]
bolo(sab)
bolo([*sab, 4])
daftar = [{"a": 1}, {"b": 2}]
bolo({**d ghumo d mein daftar})

Expected output:

[1, 2, 3]
[1, 2, 3, 4]
{'a': 1, 'b': 2}

Convert explicitly

Input and file contents are text. Use int, float, or str when converting between text and numbers. Invalid numeric text raises ValueError.

daam = int("25")
bolo(daam + 5)
bolo("Total: " + str(daam))

Expected output:

30
Total: 25

Mutation and sharing

Assigning a list to another variable does not copy it. Both names refer to the same list. Use list(original) for a shallow copy when you need a separate outer collection.

Continue with operators, functions and scope, or handling conversion errors.