Functions and modules

Functions give a name to reusable behavior. Modules group related behavior behind an import.

Define and call a function

Use banao to define a function and wapas to return a value. Arguments may have defaults.

banao kul_daam(cup, daam=15):
    wapas cup * daam

bolo(kul_daam(3))
bolo(kul_daam(2, 20))

Expected output:

45
40

Assignments inside a function normally create local variables. Pass data in and return results instead of relying on global state. Use sabka only when you intentionally need to assign a global name.

Import a module

Use lao for a module and se ... lao ... for a named import. JugaadLang resolves its standard library names and can import installed Python modules.

lao ganit
se math lao sqrt
bolo(ganit.square(5))
bolo(sqrt(16))

Expected output:

25
4.0

See the standard library for available modules. Third-party Python packages must be installed in the environment used by jug. For module resolution details, consult the architecture; do not assume a .jug file is automatically importable as a Python module.

Import a module lazily

Prefix an import with sust to defer loading until the name is first used (PEP 810, Python 3.15+). On older Pythons the same line imports eagerly, so the code runs everywhere.

sust se json lao dumps
bolo(dumps({"cup": 2}))

Expected output:

{"cup": 2}

sust is contextual: it only starts a lao or se ... lao statement, so sust = 5 still assigns a variable.

Classes

Use ustad to define a class. The constructor is shuru, and khud refers to the instance.

ustad Chai:
    banao shuru(khud, daam):
        khud.daam = daam

    banao bill(khud, cup):
        wapas khud.daam * cup

chai = Chai(12)
bolo(chai.bill(3))

Expected output:

The syntax reference and keyword reference cover annotations, generators, and asynchronous keywords. Start with ordinary functions before introducing those features.